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Evaluating the Explanatory Capacity of Miroslav Hroch’s Three-Phase Model in the Analysis of Ethnic Nationalism: The Case of Iranian Azerbaijan in the Contemporary Era | ||
| دولت پژوهی ایران معاصر | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 June 2026 | ||
| Document Type: Political sociology of Iran | ||
| Author | ||
| mahdi esmaeilinia* | ||
| Faculty of Law and Political Science. University of Tehran. Tehran. Iran | ||
| Receive Date: 21 February 2026, Revise Date: 21 June 2026, Accept Date: 22 June 2026 | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Miroslav Hroch’s three-phase model is widely recognized as one of the most influential frameworks for explaining the emergence and development of national movements. Although originally developed in the context of European nation-building processes, the model has been increasingly applied to other historical and geographical settings. This study aims to evaluate the explanatory capacity of Hroch’s model in analyzing ethnic nationalism in Iranian Azerbaijan. The central question is to what extent the historical development of Turkish nationalism in Iranian Azerbaijan corresponds to Hroch’s three phases and which historical and structural factors may account for any observed divergences. This qualitative research adopts a historical sociology approach and employs a historical case-study design. Data were collected through documentary and historical sources, including scholarly works, archival materials, and relevant historical studies. The analysis was conducted through a theory-guided comparison between the empirical evidence and the three phases of Hroch’s model: cultural awakening, political mobilization, and mass national movement. The findings indicate that several characteristics associated with the first and second phases of Hroch’s framework can be identified in Iranian Azerbaijan, particularly cultural activism and elite-led political organization. However, these developments did not evolve into a sustained mass nationalist movement comparable to the third phase of the model. The study suggests that the historical continuity of Iranian national identity, the integrative role of Shi'a Islam, the incorporation of Azerbaijani elites into state institutions, and long-standing socio-economic linkages across the country have significantly constrained the expansion of ethnic nationalism. The article argues that while Hroch’s model offers valuable analytical insights for understanding certain dimensions of ethnic nationalism in Iran, its explanatory power remains incomplete without considering the specific historical and structural characteristics of the Iranian context. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Miroslav Hroch; Ethnic Nationalism; Iranian Azerbaijan; Historical Sociology; National Identity; Nation-Building | ||
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